Themen Archive – Seite 9 von 15 – Kardiovaskuläre Medizin

Indikationen, Kontraindikationen und Vorbereitungen für den Belastungstests (Belastungs-EKG)

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Figure 10. ECG reaction in chest leads during recovery.

Einführung in den Belastungstest (Belastungs-EKG)

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The normal electrocardiogram (ECG) waves. ECG interpretation.

EKG-Interpretation: Merkmale des normalen EKGs (P-Welle, QRS-Komplex, ST-Strecke, T-Welle)

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Figure 18. The organization of the limb leads. Note that the electrode on the right leg is not included in any lead, but serves as a ground wire. Leads I, II and III are Einthoven's original leads, and they can be presented with Einthoven's triangle (lower panel). Leads aVR, aVL and aVF were constructed by Goldberger; their reference point is the average of two electrodes. Lead aVR can be inverted into lead –aVR which is recommended as it may facilitate interpretation. All modern ECG machines are capable of presenting both aVR and -aVR.

Die EKG-Ableitungen: Elektroden, Extremitätenableitungen, Brustwandableitungen, 12-Kanal-EKG

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Figure 7. The action potential in the sinoatrial node and in contractile myocardial cells. Phase 4 of the action potential in the sinoatrial node is called 'pacemaker potential', because it is responsible for the spontaneous repetitive depolarization.

Kardiale Elektrophysiologie: Aktionspotential, Automatizität und Vektoren

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Figure 1. The cardiac cycle starts when cells in the sinoatrial node discharges an action potential that spreads as an electrical impulse through the atria and – via the atrioventricular node – to the ventricles. As the impulse spreads through the myocardium, it activates the cells which respond by contracting. The action potential generates electrical currents which gives rise to the classical ECG waveforms presented here. Activation of the atria is reflected as the P-wave and activation of the ventricles results in the QRS complex. The T-wave reflects the recovery (repolarization) of the ventricles. Note that the ECG rarely shows atrial recovery (repolarization) since it coincides with ventricular depolarization (i.e QRS complex), which has much stronger electrical potentials.

Klinische Elektrokardiographie und EKG-Interpretation

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Figure 1. Sinoatrial arrest. Also note the ST-segment elevations (which in this case has no relation to the sinoatrial arrest).

Sinusarrest & Sinuspause: EKG und klinische Bedeutung

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Figure 1. ECG changes seen in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH). The electrical vector of the left ventricle is enhanced in LVH, which results in large R-waves in left sided leads (V5, V6, aVL and I) and deep S-waves in right sided chest leads (V1, V2). Right ventricular hypertrophy causes large R-waves in right sided chest leads and deeper S-waves in left sided leads.

EKG bei linksventrikulärer Hypertrophie (LVH): Kriterien und klinische Implikationen

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Sinuatrialer Block (SA-Block): EKG-Kriterien, Ursachen und Behandlung

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Figure 10. ECGs presenting Brugada syndrome type 1, type 2 and type 3, respectively.

Brugada-Syndrom: EKG, klinische Merkmale und Management

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